Any proposed area of commercial law Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Any proposed area of commercial law - Coursework Example A perspective shared among the technology providers and the companies collecting and mining data is that ethical, privacy-respecting practices simply make good business sense. Are there guidelines in developing privacy policies to help organizations in establishing ethical responsibilities of the organization and the data professionals? How does an organization develop a data privacy policy that provides the environment for trust on the part of the consumers? A major focus needs to be the incorporation of fair information practice principles of notice, choice, access, and security. Management and information technology professionals need to develop an understanding of how to manage data ethically and communicate the policy effectively to the consumers (Samuelson, 1999). More information and experience is needed by students and professionals in management and information technology in the development of a data privacy policy. This research project serves to provide the needed informat ion and experience for both students and professionals. Current technology makes the threats to privacy less tangible and less visible. It is difficult to know when and for what purposes individuals are being watched or information is being gathered and used for purposes that are not endorsed by the individuals. While many organizations have the capacity to collect data from consumers, businesses have a profit motive that adds a greater threat to the privacy dilemma. It is not only the continual compilation of data about individuals that poses privacy trepidation, but the ways in which data can be transformed and sold to other organizations. This consumer profiling can be misleading and damaging. If e-commerce is to succeed, businesses must work to develop a trustworthy, secure online environment. Developing a privacy policy is the first step in creating that trust. Incorporating a privacy

Partnership for Lebanon and Cisco Systems Essay Example for Free

Partnership for Lebanon and Cisco Systems Essay The â€Å"Partnership for Lebanon and Cisco Systems† case study discusses a project developed after the war in Lebanon in July of 2006. After the war, President George W. Bush urged 5 U. S. based companies to partner together to help with the reconstruction efforts in Lebanon, including Cisco systems (led by John Chambers), Intel corp. (led by Craig Barrett), Ghafari Inc. (led by Yousif Ghafari), Occidental Petroleum (led by Dr. Ray Irani), and Microsoft (led by Steve Balmer). The partnership of these 5 successful U. S. companies formed the Partnership for Lebanon, or the PFL, for which a woman named Salam Yamout was appointed as project manager (Jimali, 2011). Upon the formation of the PFL in 2006, the leaders met at the Paris III donor conference with Fuad Seniora, the Lebanese prime Minister, to discuss and develop the key goals that would need to be achieved in the Lebanese reconstruction efforts, and to map out the main initiatives of the PFL (Jimali, 2011). With a primary focus on efficient and productive communities and advancement opportunities for the Lebanese people, they developed the following 5 key objectives for which they made significant progress over the next three years: 1. Emergency Relief and Response: The first of the 5 key objectives, emergency relief and response, was essential to establishing a sense of security among the Lebanese people following the war. From 2006 through 2009, the PFL helped more than 1000 families to rebuild their homes, and helped many communities to resettle. This was a first step toward rebuilding the infrastructure and public society needed for economic and workforce growth (Jimali, 2011). The PFL also rebuilt 10 youth and IT centers, complete with computer labs and Internet technology, providing a training center for over 1400 young people in Lebanon and rehabilitated the schools that stood in the areas most affected by the war, focusing on school safety, quality of student life, and Information Communication Technology (ICT) training (Jimali, 2011). Finally, in order to reduce continued casualties, the PFL trained and certified two dogs to detect landmines, a $65,000 effort that likely saved lives and increased the mobility of the Lebanese people. 2. Job Creation/Private Sector renewal: The next key objective of the PFL was to increase the number of available jobs in Lebanon, particularly in the private sector. Much of the focus on this initiative was suggested by Cisco leader John Chambers, who, in a visit to the American University of Beirut, was affected by the number of highly educated, multi-lingual Lebanese young people who would look for employment opportunities outside of Lebanon immediately following graduation. Noting the emigration of the most capable young workers as a significant obstacle to the future prosperity of the Lebanese people, Chambers suggested the job creation be made a top priority. As a top global leader in the Information Communication Technology industry, Cisco took the lead by developing a $1 million grant program called the â€Å"CREDIT† program, which they used to deliver 133 loans to businesses specializing in ICT (Jimali, 2011). Furthermore, in order to provide learning opportunities for Lebanese businesses, the PFL developed the Executive Mentorship Program, which matched successful U. S. businesses with leaders of Lebanese businesses. 3. Developing ICT infrastructure: As part of the PFL’s job creation efforts, Cisco also took the lead in developing a sustainable Information Communication Technology infrastructure. The first step toward this was to expand broadband service to all rural and urban areas. By partnering with the Lebanese Telecommunications Regulatory Agency (TRA), the PFL developed a long-term strategy for expanding broadband service, which began with the development of several new Internet exchange points and an International Internet gateway. 4. Workforce Training ICT education: Finally in workforce development, the PFL set out to create private sector job opportunities for the uneducated Lebanese population. By creating professional training programs and ICT education, a basic infrastructure targeted at building a middle-class could be developed. The PFL made several achievements in this area, including using high-speed broadband connections to connect 50 public schools to the Ministry of Education, providing online learning materials, sponsoring and ICT/life skills youth summer camp program, placing interns in Lebanese businesses, and helping to integrate ICT programs in Lebanese schools (Jimali, 2011). 5. Developing connected communities and connected governments: The final PFL objective sought to develop connected communities throughout Lebanon. A major stride in this objective involved developing ICT centers where people without broadband capabilities could go to stay connected through variety of Medias. In addition to developing 10 of these ICT centers, the PFL also enabled 5 full-service community access points that were affected by the war (Jimali, 2011). CSR Lessons There are several key strategic lessons that the PFL learned throughout their efforts in Lebanon concerning the creation and implementation of development programs, particularly those that would be able to be adopted by any senior manager. Perhaps the most important strategic lesson was that a targeted, overall objective must be developed in order to maintain the highest likelihood of success. Instead of developing a wide spectrum of initiatives to help rebuild Lebanon, Cisco and the other PFL partners focused on ICT as a means for rebuilding infrastructure and developing economic and educational opportunities for the Lebanese people. By developing this focused mission, Cisco avoided wasting time and resources or putting a great deal of input into unrelated initiatives that may or may not have had beneficial results. Furthermore, by developing a single mission that was within their expertise, Cisco was able to make valuable contributions in a vital area and thus maximize their impact. The PFL recognized that it could not solve all of Lebanon’s problems, but by developing a set of initiatives that Cisco and partnering companies felt well equipped to address, they were able to develop a plan within the ICT industry where it could make a measurable impact (Jimali, 2011). Another key strategic lesson learned by the PFL was that a thorough situational analysis is essential to developing an effective restructuring campaign. This is a lesson that is relevant to any rebuilding efforts, whether it is for a nation, a corporation, or a nonprofit organization. By conducting a detailed situational analysis, Cisco as able to analyze which objectives would create opportunities in Lebanon and how Lebanese government organizations, businesses, and communities would utilize various initiatives. Cisco’s thorough analysis allowed them to develop an effective methodology for implementing various programs, as well as to gain government cooperation and support throughout the process. This analysis also provided Cisco with insight regarding which support and resources they would need to ensure success and therefore allowed them to gather the support they needed before beginning the process in order to produce the fastest and more effective results. John Chambers, Cisco CEO, said, â€Å"In September, we visited Lebanon and we saw a country that can achieve many of the goals itself, but with the proper assistance can achieve them at a much faster pace and rebuild the country for the future, not just rebuild back to where they were before. † (Cisco CSR Report, 2009). Lastly, an essential strategic lesson learned by the PFL concerning the implementation and running of development programs was that a change process must be developed in carefully planned incremental steps, beginning with the development of the infrastructure needed to prepare for the next step. This is especially important for ensuring that the strategy can be adopted by any senior manager, because it allows for a step-by-step map of development that allows managers to build upon previous initiatives. Cisco, Corporate Sponsors, and PFL Because of its expertise in this area and its long-time commitment to investing in community sustainability, Cisco was an effective leader in the PFL’s objectives, providing valuable insight on how to encourage job creation that would continue to evolve over time. Cisco is a leading organization in global networking and communications technology, and was the creator of the multi-protocol router, which revolutionized Internet communications. A company worth $550 billion in 2000, Cisco’s success has been attributed to a focus on customer need that was so targeted that they did not commit to any specific technology and were willing to change in whatever way they needed in order to meet their customers need. It was this willingness to adapt as well as Cisco’s commitment to community and economic investments that made Cisco the right leader for the PFL’s goals. Cisco’s CSR initiatives had always been designed in a way that sought to add value to the organization through strategically planned initiatives and to leverage the company’s core competence and sustainability levels in a way that provided clear and measurable outputs. Cisco also took a lead in the PFL’s educational and professional training programs, which provided crucial career opportunities for the Lebanese people. The Challenge of Sustainability Despite the successful implementation of the PFL initiatives from 2006 through 2009, in September of 2009, PLF project manager Salam Yamout expressed concern to her manager, George Akiki regarding the long-term sustainability of the PLF initiatives. She said, â€Å"The PFL has undoubtedly been successful across the 5 work streams, and has infused much needed resources, support and hope in a context of post-war devastation, but the key question haunting me now is how to sustain this impact into the future. † (Jimali, 2011). Akiki agreed, and thus the question of how Lebanon could sustain the development initiated by the PLF without the generous management and resource contributions of Cisco and PLF partners. While the sustainability challenges faced by the PLF may seem daunting, the educational and job training programs developed by the program can be designed to be self-supporting, these programs, if continued and managed by competent leaders, can allow Lebanon’s ICT related programs to continue to prepare Lebanese people for good jobs. The first step to maintaining these programs is to gather investors from both within Lebanon and from the International community, particularly those who benefit from the increased educational and professional opportunities in the Middle East. Moreover, if the Lebanese government is able to recognize the benefit hat a more vibrant ICT community can offer to the economy, a system of public funding can be developed. Furthermore, if individuals who are trained through these programs can be offered incentives to remain within the program as educators, the programs can become self-sustaining through generations. Conclusion Cisco and the partners that formed the PLF provide an example of an efficient program for utilizing the specific expertise and resources of one industry to enact positive change on a community in desperate need of rebuilding. Their thorough analysis, clear-cut mission, and careful planning in an area that they were well resources in, allowed for an extremely effective rebuilding process. Moreover, Cisco provided a valuable framework for how with productive partnerships and effective leadership, successful organizations can help to address societal problems in a way that adds value to both the community involved and the partnering organizations. Too often, today’s conversation regarding CSR presents in if/or debate, as if companies must choose between economic value and ethical value. The economic argument suggests that corporations are obligated only to shareholders, and that investments made in activities that do not directly maximize profits are irresponsible, while the ethical argument suggests that because corporations benefit from the people and infrastructure of communities, they are obligated to make investments in those communities (Bansal, 2005). However, a modern view of CSR suggests that there is a middle ground where economics and ethics can converge to create longer term sustainable value. Cisco’s participation in the PLF program is an example of this middle ground. In its participation in the PLF program, Cisco expanded its influence in a part of the world where they previously had little reach, thus creating added value to their organization while addressing significant societal problems.

Toward a Postmodern Theory of Law :: Philosophy Philosophical Essays

Toward a Postmodern Theory of Law* ABSTRACT: Law at the end of the twentieth century is a practice based on legal-philosophical concepts such as the representational theory of truth, neutrality, universality, and legitimacy. The content of such concepts responds to the tradition of the western cultural paradigm. We share the experience of fragmentation in this cultural unanimity: we live in a world of heterogeneousness and multiplicity that upholds the claims of different concepts of the world and of life shared by dwellers in microspaces. The theory of law should be adapted to take this experience into account. We propose a change in direction oriented toward the creation of operational legal concepts: creative justice, perspectivist rationality, a systemic theory of truth and a judicial process that guarantees the multicultural experience. Postmodernity affirms the urgent need for a new form of legal reasoning. The work of a lawyer is commonly understood to consist of searching for and locating in the codes and laws the appropriate disposition to solve a case and apply the legal consequences anticipated by the norm to the situation in controversy. To date, the philosophy of law produced and taught at universities in Venezuela and the rest of the world corresponds to that conceptualization. Philosophical-juridical problems such as concept of law, norm, validity, efficacy, etc.; the sources of law, the interpretation of legal texts, and many others have been approached from that enlightened or modern perspective. This perspective conceives law as the only system of norms legitimized to regulate human social conduct based on the legal conceptions of the world and of life reflected in positive dispositions. This vision of law is a myth; it is extraordinarily powerful, but a myth, nonetheless. Such an affirmation is unreal, but not because law, far from being a complete and static system, is a dynamic system continually being created and modified. This condition of dynamism is already a commonplace in legal theory, yet its acceptance has not resulted in a de-mythification of law. Modification and permanent self-creation of the system of norms always and necessarily takes place according to the mechanisms and criteria of legal assessment included in the code of positive law. The aforementioned vision is a myth because the concepts and ideas that we human beings use to make the world surrounding us intelligible and manageable have changed their content and lost their quality of ethical references that legitimize the law. Toward a Postmodern Theory of Law :: Philosophy Philosophical Essays Toward a Postmodern Theory of Law* ABSTRACT: Law at the end of the twentieth century is a practice based on legal-philosophical concepts such as the representational theory of truth, neutrality, universality, and legitimacy. The content of such concepts responds to the tradition of the western cultural paradigm. We share the experience of fragmentation in this cultural unanimity: we live in a world of heterogeneousness and multiplicity that upholds the claims of different concepts of the world and of life shared by dwellers in microspaces. The theory of law should be adapted to take this experience into account. We propose a change in direction oriented toward the creation of operational legal concepts: creative justice, perspectivist rationality, a systemic theory of truth and a judicial process that guarantees the multicultural experience. Postmodernity affirms the urgent need for a new form of legal reasoning. The work of a lawyer is commonly understood to consist of searching for and locating in the codes and laws the appropriate disposition to solve a case and apply the legal consequences anticipated by the norm to the situation in controversy. To date, the philosophy of law produced and taught at universities in Venezuela and the rest of the world corresponds to that conceptualization. Philosophical-juridical problems such as concept of law, norm, validity, efficacy, etc.; the sources of law, the interpretation of legal texts, and many others have been approached from that enlightened or modern perspective. This perspective conceives law as the only system of norms legitimized to regulate human social conduct based on the legal conceptions of the world and of life reflected in positive dispositions. This vision of law is a myth; it is extraordinarily powerful, but a myth, nonetheless. Such an affirmation is unreal, but not because law, far from being a complete and static system, is a dynamic system continually being created and modified. This condition of dynamism is already a commonplace in legal theory, yet its acceptance has not resulted in a de-mythification of law. Modification and permanent self-creation of the system of norms always and necessarily takes place according to the mechanisms and criteria of legal assessment included in the code of positive law. The aforementioned vision is a myth because the concepts and ideas that we human beings use to make the world surrounding us intelligible and manageable have changed their content and lost their quality of ethical references that legitimize the law.

The Peary Expedition as Allegory in Ragtime Essay -- Ragtime

The Peary Expedition as Allegory in Ragtime  Ã‚   E.L. Doctorow’s novel Ragtime is primarily concerned with the illustration of broken dreams. Drawing on the tradition of the Muckraker novels of such authors as Upton Sinclair, Doctorow shows the shadow side of the Jazz Age. The beginning of the novel deals with Father’s preparation for and participation in William Peary’s expedition to the North Pole. The theme of disillusionment that runs throughout the novel is foreshadowed and represented by the Peary expedition. Peary’s expedition, like the American Dream and the Socialist vision, is based on grand hopes. The expedition is however, marked with disappointment and results in the destruction of dreams and people. In Doctorow’s treatment, the American Dream as well as the Socialist vision share this fate. In this way, Peary’s polar expedition serves as an allegory for the entire novel. The novel is filled with great dreams, sweeping visions and grand hopes. The general tone of the era and the American Dream are represented in the exploration of the Arctic. The North Pole represents the seemingly unattainable, and the search for it the great striving for dreams. The hardship and great difficulty of arctic exploration exemplify the romantic ideal of infinite striving. Even the accomplished Houdini is impressed with the grand scale of Father’s trip. This magnificent undertaking serves as preparation for the hopes and dreams expressed throughout the novel. The American Dream of prosperity is demonstrated throughout in the deification of industrialists and the fact that "there were no Negroes. There were no immigrants" (4). While Father’s ship is departing for the arctic, he sees not immigrants coming into New York Harbor, but "... ... the ambiguous victory of the Peary expedition through the various social visions expressed and in the lives of his characters, Doctorow presents a vision of the Jazz Age which both presents and deconstructs the values and dreams of the period. At the end of the novel, as the narrator notes "the era of Ragtime had run out" and the hopes and dreams of a generation have come to nought. Only the characters who have adapted to the world by abandoning their initial visions survive and prosper. Ragtime, is a narrative, like the Peary expedition, of lost hopes, dashed dreams and the struggle to cope with the ambiguities of life. Like the blurred and darkened photograph of the explorers at the pole, the dreams described in the novel have developed into faded representations of themselves. Works Cited: Doctorow, E.L. Ragtime. New York: Bantom/ Random House, Inc., 1976 The Peary Expedition as Allegory in Ragtime Essay -- Ragtime The Peary Expedition as Allegory in Ragtime  Ã‚   E.L. Doctorow’s novel Ragtime is primarily concerned with the illustration of broken dreams. Drawing on the tradition of the Muckraker novels of such authors as Upton Sinclair, Doctorow shows the shadow side of the Jazz Age. The beginning of the novel deals with Father’s preparation for and participation in William Peary’s expedition to the North Pole. The theme of disillusionment that runs throughout the novel is foreshadowed and represented by the Peary expedition. Peary’s expedition, like the American Dream and the Socialist vision, is based on grand hopes. The expedition is however, marked with disappointment and results in the destruction of dreams and people. In Doctorow’s treatment, the American Dream as well as the Socialist vision share this fate. In this way, Peary’s polar expedition serves as an allegory for the entire novel. The novel is filled with great dreams, sweeping visions and grand hopes. The general tone of the era and the American Dream are represented in the exploration of the Arctic. The North Pole represents the seemingly unattainable, and the search for it the great striving for dreams. The hardship and great difficulty of arctic exploration exemplify the romantic ideal of infinite striving. Even the accomplished Houdini is impressed with the grand scale of Father’s trip. This magnificent undertaking serves as preparation for the hopes and dreams expressed throughout the novel. The American Dream of prosperity is demonstrated throughout in the deification of industrialists and the fact that "there were no Negroes. There were no immigrants" (4). While Father’s ship is departing for the arctic, he sees not immigrants coming into New York Harbor, but "... ... the ambiguous victory of the Peary expedition through the various social visions expressed and in the lives of his characters, Doctorow presents a vision of the Jazz Age which both presents and deconstructs the values and dreams of the period. At the end of the novel, as the narrator notes "the era of Ragtime had run out" and the hopes and dreams of a generation have come to nought. Only the characters who have adapted to the world by abandoning their initial visions survive and prosper. Ragtime, is a narrative, like the Peary expedition, of lost hopes, dashed dreams and the struggle to cope with the ambiguities of life. Like the blurred and darkened photograph of the explorers at the pole, the dreams described in the novel have developed into faded representations of themselves. Works Cited: Doctorow, E.L. Ragtime. New York: Bantom/ Random House, Inc., 1976

How Can Leaders Motivate Staff In Order To Improve Productivity And Job Satisfaction?

How can leaders motivate staff in order to improve productivity and job satisfaction? The purpose of this essay is to highlight the use of management theories in relation to productivity and job satisfaction. This essay shall discuss how leaders can motivate employees in order to improve the overall productivity and job satisfaction. I will be looking at theories in relation to how they are categorised, also how different management theories can be implemented by a leader.The essay will analyse both the intrinsic and extrinsic factors that are relative to applicable management theories and from the analysis there will be a justification of methods the writer believes to be the most suitable for the leadership and motivation of employees. The ‘Classical Perspective’ was exercised by theorists such as Frederick Taylor and Henri Fayol who both incorporated aspects of the classical approach into their management theories.The approach has specific characteristics that make it simple to distinguish which theories can be associated; the general idea is that theorists using the classical approach viewed the employees as components of a production process rather than as individuals. The classical management style they applied to their theories ensured that the focus was entirely on an individual’s extrinsic needs such as; monetary incentives, level of working conditions, labour division and quantity.The theorists concentrated on aspects such as systematic analysis, remuneration, hierarchical structure and the use of autocratic leadership. 1 Frederick Taylor’s theory of Scientific Management suggests that a worker’s productivity will increase when given monetary incentives. Taylor believed that the employees would be motivated to produce more if paid for the completion of a task. Taylor measured and timed tasks in order to find an average completion time; if workers exceeded that they were to be paid extra.Roles were concise; managers to plan and train, and workers to perform. A leader of a manufacturing company could implement Taylor’s idea of a ‘piece-rate system’ with the intention of motivating the staff to improve productivity. Job satisfaction may potentially increase for some of the employees; specifically the individuals that have the correct skills to produce more as they will be receiving a higher salary.2 3 Henri Fayol’s theory of Classical Management was concerned with competence on an organisational level, Fayol devised 14 Principles of Management that he believed explained how managers should organise and communicate with employees. Fayol’s principles involved the use of discipline, autocratic leadership, teams having the same objective with one manager and one plan, the importance of group interests over individual interests, remuneration, hierarchical structure, good working conditions and stability of labour turnover.Using Fayol’s principles could help a lea der guarantee that workers are correctly organised whilst ensuring the workers are motivated to improve their productivity and job satisfaction. 4 5 The introduction of monetary incentives based upon work output (remuneration) could motivate employees to produce more whilst increasing their job satisfaction, as they would receiving higher pay. Delegating controlled freedom could improve the employee’s productivity and job satisfaction as they may feel they have more of an opportunity to contribute, potentially increasing their work output.Promoting team spirit and unity within a workplace may improve job satisfaction and productivity as working in a team allows all of the collective members to contribute complementary skills to the overall task and as a result the overall output and performance of each individual may increase; if work output and performance increases the individual’s self-esteem is likely to increase alongside job satisfaction.Ensuring stability of ten ure may motivate improvement of productivity and job satisfaction, if an employee feels their job is secure then they are likely to be happier in the role and are also likely to focus on the work more as they will be worrying and focusing less on potential redundancy or dismissal. 6 7 In addition to the Classical Perspective there’s also the Humanistic Perspective consisting of three subfields; Human Relations, Human Resources and Behaviour Sciences.Theorists such as Abraham Maslow and Elton Mayo integrated the Humanistic Approach into their management theories. There are specific factors that distinguish whether a theory uses the Humanistic Perspective; the humanistic approaches all emphasise the importance of understanding human behaviour, needs and attitude within the working environment. The Humanistic Perspective focuses on both extrinsic and intrinsic factors of an individual. The central idea is that the human needs are the conclusive factor to achieving efficiency wit hin an organisation.Elton Mayo’s association with the ‘Hawthorne Studies’ provided a stimulating effect to the understandings of the human factor at work. The focus within Elton Mayo’s studies was on the worker rather than the work; this was revolutionary as previous theorists had only concentrated on the labour. Elton Mayo initially carried out a study into physical working conditions and productivity but his results ended up being a series of studies into social factors.The results from Elton Mayo’s studies showed that the initial factors of analysis such as working conditions were not influencing the employee’s increase in productivity and motivation; it was the fact the workers were responding to being the centre of attention, a member of a team and feeling a sense of recognition. The findings showed that social relationships in the workplace were just as important as monetary incentives and good working conditions relating to the product ivity and job satisfaction of an employee.Elton Mayo’s studies were more factual than theoretical; the findings provided a clear representation of the importance of social factors at work. A leader could apply some of Mayo’s ideas into their management techniques in order to improve productivity and job satisfaction. If the workers are given recognition they are likely to feel more motivated to increase their productivity; a manager’s relationship and focus on the individuals will also provide them with the feeling of being centre of attention which is likely to increase their work output if they know they are being supervised.If a manager were to apply the action of team work into their organisation then the workers may feel a sense of unity; building good colleague relations may increase the employee’s job satisfaction. Working in a team allows all the individuals to contribute their complementary skills potentially resulting in overall better working p erformance; if working performance increases and the employees are given recognition they are likely to continue their hard work and also increase job satisfaction.Another essential theorist that used the Humanistic Approach within their management theory was Abraham Maslow. Maslow studied human motivation; his findings gave him the incentive to develop a hierarchical model relating to human needs. Maslow’s theory influenced the development of management in the 1950s/60s; the simplicity of the model and the idea of levelled needs made it a favourable approach to managers. Maslow’s ‘Hierarchy of Needs’ consists of five levels of needs (physiological, safety, belongingness and love, esteem and self-actualisation), it is organised in order of influence upon theindividual. The stronger needs (physiological and safety) are at the bottom of the hierarchy and the weaker needs (belongingness and love, esteem and self-actualisation) are at the top. 13 14 15 The the ory puts forth the idea that if an individual’s stronger needs are threatened then they cannot begin to fulfil the weaker needs. The theory suggests that if a category of needs is not met then the individual cannot proceed to fulfil the higher level needs, this is due to the unsatisfied needs being dominant.Maslow’s theory relates to motivation in regards to productivity and job satisfaction; an individual cannot be motivated to be productive if certain needs are threatened or not met. An individual may not be satisfied in their job if needs are threatened or not met, theoretically it is crucial for a manager to ensure a worker’s needs are met if they want them to increase their productivity. 16 17 18 The Hierarchy of needs provides useful framework for managers relating to the ways in which the employee’s motivation can be met.Although the systematic movement from the bottom to top of the hierarchy is not necessarily representative of all individuals the theory still provides an outline for managers to use when trying to motivate employees. If a manager ensures that the employee’s physiological, safety and belonging needs are met within the work place then the individual is likely to be motivated towards the esteem needs such as the desire for achievement, adequacy, mastery, competence, recognition, attention and glory.If the individual is motivated towards the esteem needs they are likely to increase their productivity as it is relevant to the desires of the category. If the individual esteem needs are being met then the individual is likely to feel a sense of job satisfaction as feelings such as glory, achievement and recognition provide positive emotion. If a manager regularly ensures the individual’s needs are being met and exceeded their motivation for productivity and job satisfaction will theoretically increase.In conclusion it is clear that both perspectives of management can be effective when increasing an em ployee’s productivity and job satisfaction. The classical approach can in theory increase an individual’s productivity and job satisfaction although the way in which the manager’s view the individuals as human machines potentially degrades the individuals and as a result their job satisfaction could decrease. The theories developed by Taylor and Fayol may only be applicable to specific job sectors such as factory work; if a manager applied the use of piece-rate and division of work it may not be relevant for use.The humanistic approach is likely to increase productivity and job satisfaction however the systematic movement in Maslow’s hierarchy does not necessarily apply to the diverse range of personalities of individuals. Mayo’s findings may also be biased due to the sector he researched; therefore they may not relate to productivity and job satisfaction in all fields. Overall if a manager were to combine the most relevant ideas from both humanist ic and classical theories they could then ensure their management style is applicable to the sector of work. How can leaders motivate staff in order to improve productivity and job satisfaction? How can leaders motivate staff in order to improve productivity and job satisfaction? The purpose of this essay is to highlight the use of management theories in relation to productivity and job satisfaction. This essay shall discuss how leaders can motivate employees in order to improve the overall productivity and job satisfaction. I will be looking at theories in relation to how they are categorised, also how different management theories can be implemented by a leader.The essay will analyse both the intrinsic and extrinsic factors that are relative to applicable management theories and from the analysis there will be a justification of methods the writer believes to be the most suitable for the leadership and motivation of employees. The ‘Classical Perspective’ was exercised by theorists such as Frederick Taylor and Henri Fayol who both incorporated aspects of the classical approach into their management theories.The approach has specific characteristics that make it simple to distinguish which theories can be associated; the general idea is that theorists using the classical approach viewed the employees as components of a production process rather than as individuals. The classical management style they applied to their theories ensured that the focus was entirely on an individual’s extrinsic needs such as; monetary incentives, level of working conditions, labour division and quantity.The theorists concentrated on aspects such as systematic analysis, remuneration, hierarchical structure and the use of autocratic leadership. 1 Frederick Taylor’s theory of Scientific Management suggests that a worker’s productivity will increase when given monetary incentives. Taylor believed that the employees would be motivated to produce more if paid for the completion of a task. Taylor measured and timed tasks in order to find an average completion time; if workers exceeded that they were to be paid extra.Roles were concise; managers to plan and train, and workers to perform. A leader of a manufacturing company could implement Taylor’s idea of a ‘piece-rate system’ with the intention of motivating the staff to improve productivity. Job satisfaction may potentially increase for some of the employees; specifically the individuals that have the correct skills to produce more as they will be receiving a higher salary.2 3 Henri Fayol’s theory of Classical Management was concerned with competence on an organisational level, Fayol devised 14 Principles of Management that he believed explained how managers should organise and communicate with employees. Fayol’s principles involved the use of discipline, autocratic leadership, teams having the same objective with one manager and one plan, the importance of group interests over individual interests, remuneration, hierarchical structure, good working conditions and stability of labour turnover.Using Fayol’s principles could help a lea der guarantee that workers are correctly organised whilst ensuring the workers are motivated to improve their productivity and job satisfaction. 4 5 The introduction of monetary incentives based upon work output (remuneration) could motivate employees to produce more whilst increasing their job satisfaction, as they would receiving higher pay. Delegating controlled freedom could improve the employee’s productivity and job satisfaction as they may feel they have more of an opportunity to contribute, potentially increasing their work output.Promoting team spirit and unity within a workplace may improve job satisfaction and productivity as working in a team allows all of the collective members to contribute complementary skills to the overall task and as a result the overall output and performance of each individual may increase; if work output and performance increases the individual’s self-esteem is likely to increase alongside job satisfaction.Ensuring stability of ten ure may motivate improvement of productivity and job satisfaction, if an employee feels their job is secure then they are likely to be happier in the role and are also likely to focus on the work more as they will be worrying and focusing less on potential redundancy or dismissal. 6 7 In addition to the Classical Perspective there’s also the Humanistic Perspective consisting of three subfields; Human Relations, Human Resources and Behaviour Sciences.Theorists such as Abraham Maslow and Elton Mayo integrated the Humanistic Approach into their management theories. There are specific factors that distinguish whether a theory uses the Humanistic Perspective; the humanistic approaches all emphasise the importance of understanding human behaviour, needs and attitude within the working environment. The Humanistic Perspective focuses on both extrinsic and intrinsic factors of an individual. The central idea is that the human needs are the conclusive factor to achieving efficiency wit hin an organisation.Elton Mayo’s association with the ‘Hawthorne Studies’ provided a stimulating effect to the understandings of the human factor at work. The focus within Elton Mayo’s studies was on the worker rather than the work; this was revolutionary as previous theorists had only concentrated on the labour. Elton Mayo initially carried out a study into physical working conditions and productivity but his results ended up being a series of studies into social factors.The results from Elton Mayo’s studies showed that the initial factors of analysis such as working conditions were not influencing the employee’s increase in productivity and motivation; it was the fact the workers were responding to being the centre of attention, a member of a team and feeling a sense of recognition. The findings showed that social relationships in the workplace were just as important as monetary incentives and good working conditions relating to the product ivity and job satisfaction of an employee.Elton Mayo’s studies were more factual than theoretical; the findings provided a clear representation of the importance of social factors at work. A leader could apply some of Mayo’s ideas into their management techniques in order to improve productivity and job satisfaction. If the workers are given recognition they are likely to feel more motivated to increase their productivity; a manager’s relationship and focus on the individuals will also provide them with the feeling of being centre of attention which is likely to increase their work output if they know they are being supervised.If a manager were to apply the action of team work into their organisation then the workers may feel a sense of unity; building good colleague relations may increase the employee’s job satisfaction. Working in a team allows all the individuals to contribute their complementary skills potentially resulting in overall better working p erformance; if working performance increases and the employees are given recognition they are likely to continue their hard work and also increase job satisfaction.Another essential theorist that used the Humanistic Approach within their management theory was Abraham Maslow. Maslow studied human motivation; his findings gave him the incentive to develop a hierarchical model relating to human needs. Maslow’s theory influenced the development of management in the 1950s/60s; the simplicity of the model and the idea of levelled needs made it a favourable approach to managers. Maslow’s ‘Hierarchy of Needs’ consists of five levels of needs (physiological, safety, belongingness and love, esteem and self-actualisation), it is organised in order of influence upon theindividual. The stronger needs (physiological and safety) are at the bottom of the hierarchy and the weaker needs (belongingness and love, esteem and self-actualisation) are at the top. 13 14 15 The the ory puts forth the idea that if an individual’s stronger needs are threatened then they cannot begin to fulfil the weaker needs. The theory suggests that if a category of needs is not met then the individual cannot proceed to fulfil the higher level needs, this is due to the unsatisfied needs being dominant.Maslow’s theory relates to motivation in regards to productivity and job satisfaction; an individual cannot be motivated to be productive if certain needs are threatened or not met. An individual may not be satisfied in their job if needs are threatened or not met, theoretically it is crucial for a manager to ensure a worker’s needs are met if they want them to increase their productivity. 16 17 18 The Hierarchy of needs provides useful framework for managers relating to the ways in which the employee’s motivation can be met.Although the systematic movement from the bottom to top of the hierarchy is not necessarily representative of all individuals the theory still provides an outline for managers to use when trying to motivate employees. If a manager ensures that the employee’s physiological, safety and belonging needs are met within the work place then the individual is likely to be motivated towards the esteem needs such as the desire for achievement, adequacy, mastery, competence, recognition, attention and glory.If the individual is motivated towards the esteem needs they are likely to increase their productivity as it is relevant to the desires of the category. If the individual esteem needs are being met then the individual is likely to feel a sense of job satisfaction as feelings such as glory, achievement and recognition provide positive emotion. If a manager regularly ensures the individual’s needs are being met and exceeded their motivation for productivity and job satisfaction will theoretically increase.19 20 21 In conclusion it is clear that both perspectives of management can be effective when increas ing an employee’s productivity and job satisfaction. The classical approach can in theory increase an individual’s productivity and job satisfaction although the way in which the manager’s view the individuals as human machines potentially degrades the individuals and as a result their job satisfaction could decrease. The theories developed by Taylor and Fayol may only be applicable to specific job sectors such as factory work; if a manager applied the use of piece-rate and division of work it may not be relevant for use.The humanistic approach is likely to increase productivity and job satisfaction however the systematic movement in Maslow’s hierarchy does not necessarily apply to the diverse range of personalities of individuals. Mayo’s findings may also be biased due to the sector he researched; therefore they may not relate to productivity and job satisfaction in all fields. Overall if a manager were to combine the most relevant ideas from both humanistic and classical theories they could then ensure their management style is applicable to the sector of work.

Anna Freud essays

Anna Freud essays My name is Anna Freud and I was born on December 3 1895 to Martha and Sigmund Freud. I was considered to the founder of child psychoanalysis. I began schooling at the age of 6, in 1901.I loved to read and write but I didnt really learn much in school. When I was 14, I read one of my fathers books for the first time. I wrote him a letter telling him I was not horrified, but extremely interested in what he was studying. After becoming an elementary teacher and moved to England. In 1914, she began asking her father for the clarification of his psychoanalytic terms. This is the first time she became directly related with his work. In 1920 my sister Sophie became ill with influenza and was killed. This forced me to give up my teaching position permanently. In 1922 I was eager to become a member of the International Psychoanalytic Congress. It was required to an analysis of a patient. Since I did not have any patients I decided to give a self-analysis. I was then accepted in to the practice and immediately began traveling throughout Berlin to set up a practice. In 1925 I was on the executive board of the Vienna Psychoanalytic Institute. From 1934-1936 I spent the majority of my leisure time writing The Ego and Mechanisms of Defense. This focused on ego began a movement in the psychoanalytic circles, called ego psychology. In 1940 I set up the Anna Freud Centre to focus on children illnesses. It is now the worlds leading clinic for psychoanalytic child psychotherapy, dedicated to the well being of children and their families. ...

Vacuole essays

Vacuole essays Cells are the basic building blocks of all living things. All cells are small 'sacks' composed mostly of water. There are millions of different types of cells, but they are divided into two main groups. The first group, Prokaryotes, is made up of very small cells that have no membrane around their nucleus and no organelles with membranes. Prokaryotes include bacteria and are the most common type of cell. The second group of cells is called Eukaryotes. There are many different types of Eukaryotes, but all types share some characteristics. The basic eukaryotic cell has a cell membrane which is also known as a plasma membrane. It has a nucleus, cytoplasm, a cytoskeleton, and membrane-covered organelles. The organelles inside a cell have special jobs that let the cell function like it is supposed to. Each type of organelle has its own individual shape and size. The number of organelles that a specific cell contains depends on what function the cell performs. An example of this would be a cell that uses up a lot of energy would have many mitochondria. Some cells have organelles that other cells do not have. An example of this is the chloroplast in the plant cell. Animal cells do not have chloroplast. Some organelles are very different in plant and animal cells. An example of this is the vacuole. The name vacuole comes form the Latin word vacuus which means empty. The vacuole is a space within a cell that is empty of cytoplasm. Vacuoles come in all different sizes from submicroscopic to almost as big as the whole cell. Vacuoles are sort of like storage bubbles in the cytoplasm in a cell. They are membrane-bound sacs with important jobs like storage, ingestion, digestion, excretion, and expulsion of excess water. The membrane around the vacuole is called the tonoplast. The tonoplast is pretty incredible because it can surround a small amount of fluid and then, after a short amount of time of taking in water, it can stretch to become an ...

What Is a Gap Year Should You Take One

What Is a Gap Year Should You Take One SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Taking a gap year after high school is an option that more and more young adultsare choosing each year. Whether you want to learn outside the classroom, uncoveryour passions, or just copy Malia Obama, you can pursueall three goals by deferring college enrollment for a year. Gap years look different for everyone, but they all share an emphasis on experiential learning and personal development. This guide will explore what a gap year is, as well as discuss some of itspros and cons. If you’re thinking of taking a gap year or are simply interested inlearning more about it, read on for a full investigation into this growing trend. What Is a Gap Year? According to the American Gap Year Association (AGA), a gap year is an â€Å"experiential semester of year ‘on,’ typically taken between high school and college in order to deepen practical, professional, and personal awareness.† AGA emphasizes that a gap year is a year on, rather a year off, to combat the notion that students are taking a year-long vacation from schooling. Rather, students who take time away between high school and college design their year with specific goals in mind. They use thetime to gain professional skills, volunteer for an important cause, or travel the world, to name just a few popular gap year activities. Because gap years often require some financial investment from the student, they are typically not an available option for everyone. While scholarships and stipends are increasingly available, the ability to take a gap year still implies a certain amount of privilege. Volunteer programs at home or abroad are especially out of reachto students who areunable tocommit months of their time to working or traveling without pay. If you are able to take a gap year, you can fillyour year in a variety of ways, depending on your interests and goals. Let’s take a look at some of the most popular gap year activities. Before diving headfirst into a gap year, you should set specific goals for your "year on." What Can You Do During a Gap Year? Gap year activities vary widely, but most people are looking to experience personal, professional, and educational growth. When planning a gap year, you might try to gain work experience, develop professional skills, explore a personal interest, volunteer for an important cause, or travel the world. 1. Gain Work Experience While options for paid work aren’t as plentiful for high school graduates as they are for college graduates, you may be able to find paid employment. By spending the year working, you can save money for college, gain professional experience, and clarify what you want to study in college. Given the high cost of private colleges, you may not want to attend until you clarifyyour career goals. Working for a year can help you explore and narrow down your professional interests. You could work locally in a business or organization in your town. You can also explore jobs in other cities or countries at companies or nonprofit organizations. Another option for high school graduates is providing childcare locally or abroad as an au pair. 2. Develop Professional Skills Beyond getting a job, you can explore programs centered on skills development and career exploration. Some organizations charge a sizeable fee, while others are geared toward low-income graduates. Year Up, for instance, aims to provide low-income young adults with hands-on skills development and corporate internships for college credit. Job Corps offers training programs in over 100 technical areas. For wilderness and leadership skills, Outward Bound and National Outdoor Leadership School are popular options. Students with the means and interest to work internationally, furthermore, could develop skills working in a non-profit through an organization like AFS Intercultural Programs. Not only do these programs offer skills training, but many give you college credits that transfer when you matriculate the next year. Do you love camping? Some gap year programs help you develop wilderness and leadership skills. 3. Explore a Personal Interest Another popular motivation for taking a gap year is to explore a personal passion. According to Harvard, some of its students who took a gap year engaged in â€Å"drama, figure skating, health-care, archeological exploration, kibbutz life, language study, mineralogical research, missionary work, music, non-profit groups, child welfare programs, political campaigns, rebuilding schools...sports, steel drumming, storytelling, swing dance, university courses, and writing- to name some chosen at random.† When planning a gap year, you should think about what you love to do. If you could spend a day doing whatever you wanted, what would you choose? Even if you're not sure, you should search around gap year organizations to find opportunities that would let you practice, explore, and discover personal passions. 4. Volunteer for a Cause Another popular gap year activity that combines skills development with exploring a personal passion is volunteering. There are lots of opportunities to volunteer for social causes, like conservation, humanitarian relief, building infrastructure, girls’ empowerment, education, agriculture, or animal care. There are a variety of volunteer programs available, many of which you can find throughUSA Gap Year Fair. City Year, for example, places young adults in schools throughout the U.S. to help out in the classroom. International programs, like Volunteers for Peace, Global Service Corps, and Restless Development, appointyoung adultsin locations across the world to volunteer with kids, teach English, work on environmental restoration, or assist with social projects like HIV/AIDS awareness. Some of these volunteer programs are free, while others charge a considerable fee (not including airfare). By researchingvarious opportunities, you can find an option that both aligns with your goals and is financially feasible. Are you interested in animal care or environmental conservation? Some programs take you across the world to volunteer at animal sanctuaries. 5. Travel the World Finally, some young adults have one main goal during their gap year: to see the world. They hit the open road, backpack across continents, and visit global landmarks. Budget travelers might take advantage of cheap or free lodging options through CouchSurfing or WWOOF, an organization where people exchange farm work for lodging. Travelers use a gap year to learn more about the world, experience new cultures, and discover new interests. By experiencing new ways of being, they learn more about themselves and their role in the world. Potential Benefits of a Gap Year More and more students are taking gap years between high school and college, and an increasing number of colleges are explicitly encouraging the practice. Why are students attracted to this option, and what are some benefits of taking a gap year before entering college? Read on to learn about six major potential benefits of taking a gap year after high school. 1. Gain New Skills Through Experience Gap years offer an opportunity for experiential learning. They allow you to step out of the classroom and learn new skills and ideas through doing. You might find yourself in entirely new situations that call for unique problem-solving skills and a change inperspective. Whether you choose to work, volunteer, or travel, you’ll encounter new challenges and develop skills to overcome them. These new experiences, furthermore, might help shape your academic direction when you arrive on the college campus. Are you feeling foggy about what you want to study at college? Spending a year developing new skills can part the clouds and clarify what you want to do for the next few years. 2. Save Money for College Gap years don’t have to cost thousands of dollars. On the contrary, you might take this time to get a job, gain professional experience, and make money. Gainful employment can allow you to save money for college, get experience in a work environment, and clarify your professional goals. Job board websites like Idealist and Snagajob list opportunities that are available to high school graduates. 3. Learn About New Cultures Many students go through eighteen years of schooling in the same place with the same group of people. By taking a gap year, you can step out of your comfort zone and into an entirely new culture. Even if you’re not traveling internationally, you may experience a new culture by joining a workplace or taking part in volunteer gap year programs. You could learn new customs, try new foods, acquire a different language, or simply open your eyes to new ways of being in the world. Your gap year experience can broaden your horizons and transform your perspective on both yourself and the world around you. 4. Make New Friends Just as you can gain new experiences on a gap year, you can also meet new people of all different ages and walks of life. By building meaningful relationships, you can experience a great deal of personal growth and establish a network of support asyou navigate the next few years of your life. Whether you meet coworkers, fellow volunteers, or a home-stay family in another country, you and the people around you will benefit from forging new connections and friendships. During a gap year, you can make new friends and learn about people from all walks of life. 5. Refresh and Recharge Before College A gap year can be a great way to recharge after manyyears of schooling. Rather than immediately jumping into the next four years of your education, you can take a break from the classroom and rejuvenate your personal interests and motivations. Many selective schools, including Princeton and Harvard, encourage accepted students to take a gap year before enrolling. Harvard says, â€Å"Perhaps the best way of all to get the full benefit of a â€Å"time-off† is to postpone entrance to college for a year.† Harvard’s newspaper, The Crimson, reported that â€Å"students who had taken a year off found the experience â€Å"so valuable that they would advise all Harvard students to consider it.† ...One student, noting that the majority of her friends will simply spend eight consecutive terms at Harvard, ‘wondered if they ever get the chance to catch their breath.’† Some schools have even introduced â€Å"bridge programs† that offer a year of domestic or international service to accepted students before they matriculate on campus. Studies have shown that students who take a gap year before starting college have higher motivation and graduation rateson average than students who don’t. Taking this break from the classroom can help recharge your batteries and allow you to discover intereststhat motivate your studies once you arrive on campus. 6. Grow and Mature Putting all of the above benefits together, you can conclude that a thoughtfully planned gap year can be a tremendous opportunity for personal growth and increased self-awareness. Whatever you choose to do during your gap year, you’ll probably find yourself in new surroundings, like a workplace, school in a different city, or an entirely new culture. Simply planning a gap year can be an empowering experience, as it’s an unconventional path that requires a lot of thought and reflection. After planning and carrying out your year, you may show up to college with a more solid sense of personal identity and clearer understanding of your personal, academic, and professional goals. Keeping all of these benefits in mind, let’s also consider some potential drawbacks of taking a gap year. What are some possible downsides to this plan? A gap year can bean opportunity for significant personal growth. Potential Drawbacks of a Gap Year Taking a gap year has both pros and cons, and you should consider both carefully if you’re deciding whether or not to take a gap year before entering college. Below are the main potential downsides of taking a gap year. 1. Financial Expenses While there are lots of enticing gap year programs, they might be a lot more expensive than you realize. Many programs charge a sizeable fee for you to volunteer, and this fee doesn’t always include transportation. To volunteer in Cambodia for two weeks with Global Service Corps, for instance, you’d have to pay $2,000, and this fee doesn’t include airfare or insurance. When considering a gap year program, you should be realistic about how you’re going to pay for it. You might do a cost-benefit analysis to see if the experience is worth it. If you find that it’s not, you may instead plan to study abroad, volunteer, or intern for a semester incollege or during summer breaks from school. 2. Additional Planning and Uncertainty Taking a gap year can be challenging because of all the planning it entails. When you go right into college, your path is clear and largely defined for you. When you choose a gap year, you open up a huge number of new possibilities. Within all this choice can lie a great deal of uncertainty, and uncertainty cancause anxiety and stress. If you’re taking part in a gap year program, then you may also have to go through a lengthy application process. You may have to fill out paperwork, collect documents, and write essays around the same time as you’re applying to college, doing homework, and taking the SAT. All of this extra work could put a lot of pressure on an already busy and stressful year. When considering a gap year, keep in mind that all of the extra effort and decisions that planning onerequires. When you take a gap year, you have to get in the driver's seat and navigate the next year of your life. This total independence can cause a lot of uncertainty. 3. Graduate From College a Year Later While gap years are increasingly popular, most people still go to college in the fall following high school graduation. If you take a gap year, you could feel a year behind your peers, many of whom may be sophomores when you become a freshman. You may also graduate a year later from them, unless you come up with a plan to graduate in three years. Taking a gap year is a personal choice, but you should consider whether it could make you feel like you’re behind and have to race to catch up. 4. Culture Shock If you’re planning to travel, work, or volunteer in a new city or country, you should think about the challenges of adapting to a new environment.Moving can be thrilling at first, but it also has its hardships. If you’ve never traveled away from home before, then you might experience culture shock and homesickness. Being nervous about starting anew venture is natural, but you should also be self-aware about how you’ll handle an adjustment. If your plan feels too overwhelming, then you may want to scale back and start with smaller steps. Before you fly away from home, considerthe emotional ups and downs of adjusting to a new culture. 5. Loss of Academic Momentum For the most part, studies show that students who take a gap year have high motivation when they arrive at college. However, you might find it difficult to return to an academic environment after taking a year away from the classroom. Consider whether your gap year ideacould disrupt your plans for higher education and cause you to lose momentum. Would it be refreshing, or would you find it hardto return to the school environment? While you can’t predict the future, it’s important to consider all of these potential drawbacks as you decide whether or not to take a gap year. Given these benefits and potential challenges, how can you decide about a gap year? If you have the opportunity, should you take one? Should You Take a Gap Year? Questions to Ask Yourself Once you’ve done your research and considered your options, how can you figure out whether taking a gap year is the right choice for you? Before making the leap, you should ask yourself the following three questions. Before you take a gap year, take some time to reflect on your reasons for doing so. 1. Why Do I Want to Take a Gap Year? First and foremost, you should clarify your reasons for wanting to take a gap year. What are your goals? What do you hope to gain from this experience? Where do you hope to be at the end of the year? A gap year is an opportunity to engage in activities that you care about, develop skills, contribute to society, or save money. To make the most of the year, you should develop clear goals going into it. That way you can make sure that your gap year is, as American Gap Year Association defines it, a year â€Å"on† rather than a year â€Å"off.† 2. Are My Plans Feasible? Once you’ve reflected on your goals and motivations, it’s time for a reality check. While some gap year ideas, like volunteering with orangutans in Borneo, sound like a dream come true, are theyactually feasible? What will the financial costs of your plans be? What kind of application process is required? While it’s easy to get excited about a new adventure, you also need to consider logistics, like planning and costs. Without a clear idea of what you’re getting yourself into, a plan that started out exciting could become burdensome. 3. How Will My Gap Year Affect My College Plans? Finally, you need to do some research into how taking a gap year would affect your college plans. On the logistical level, does your college allow you to defer for a year? If not, would you have to re-apply? How would this timeline affect financial aid? On a more personal level, you should think about how taking a â€Å"year on† would affect your educational momentum,as discussed above. Would you get re-motivated about your learning? Or would you find it difficult to return to the classroom? Ideally, your gap year will be full of valuable experiences that help you learn about yourself and illuminateyour academic goals. You can’t tell exactly whatthe future will bring, of course, but you should still take time to self-reflect on your plans and how they fit into your long-term plans for college and career. As you do some soul-searching about why you want to take a gap year and what it would mean for you, you should consult resources for planning a gap year. Read on for the best gap year resources for high school graduates. Remember that taking a gap year after high school means that you'll startcollege a year laterthan most of your peers. Resources to Help You Plan a Gap Year People design their gap years in a huge variety of ways. Below are some resources to help you get started, whether you’re looking for a job or a volunteer program. Idealist.org - Idealist lists a variety of job, internship, and volunteer opportunities at organizations concerned with social issues, like environmental conservation and education. When you search on the site, you can filter for results that don’t require an education level beyond high school. Snagajob.com - Snagajob offers job listings for high school students and graduates. You can find openings in industries like food and restaurant, customer service, automotive, office support, and healthcare. USA Gap Year Fairs -This website has a comprehensive list of gap year organizations, along with descriptions and links to their websites. USA Gap Year Fairs holds fairs, exhibits, and speakers in the US and Canada throughout the year. Check out the site forthe full schedule and locations of gap year fairs. Gapwork.com-Gapwork is another comprehensive organization with lots ofgap year ideas, volunteer positions, and job opportunities for students looking to take a gap year. Check out the site to learn more about gap year activities, along with useful suggestions for ways to fund your gap year. Go Overseas - Go Overseas focuses on gap year programs in variouscountries around the world. You can find all kinds of volunteer programs, internships, and jobs in far-flung destinations. American Gap Year Association (AGA) -AGA is a nonprofit that is committed to increasing participation in gap year education. They have a variety of gap year resources for students, parents, and educators, as well as a list of AGA-accredited gap year organizations. Finally, some colleges now explicitly encourage applicants to pursue a gap year before matriculating on campus. Tufts University, for instance, offers the â€Å"1 + 4 Bridge Year Service Learning Project† for accepted students, and Princeton University offers a similar â€Å"Bridge Year Program.† As you research and apply to colleges, you should talk to the admissions office about gap year opportunities and how the schoolsupport students who choose this route. In closing, let’s go over some final thoughts about what it means to take a gap year after high school. The American Gap Year Association is a big advocate for gap years. AGA is committed to increasing participation in gap years among young adults. Taking a Gap Year: Final Thoughts Gap years are becoming more and more popular among U.S. students. Several organizations, like the American Gap Year Association, are strong advocates for the personal, professional, and academic benefits of taking a gap year. According to studies, students who take a gap year return to college more motivated and more likely to graduate than their peers who go directly from high school into college. Gap years can take a number of forms, and they require a good deal of intention and planning. If you’re interested in a gap year, you should carefully consider your goals and what actions you can take to reach them. You also need to consider the financial costs of your gap year plans. If you have a well-thought out plan for taking a gap year, then you should feel confident in your decision. There is no set timeline foryour education, and going straight from high school into college definitely isn’t for everyone. Designinga meaningful gap year between high school and college could be one of the best life decisions you ever make! What’s Next? Are you interested in volunteering abroad? Check out theseguides to learn about volunteering abroad programs for high schoolers and whether they are a good choice for you. Do you have the opportunity to study abroad in high school? This comprehensive guide discusses what it means to study abroad as a high schooler. Do you know all the steps to apply to college? Check out this article to learn about the full college application process, step by step. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

An analysis of the consumers consumption motives of luxury fashion Dissertation

An analysis of the consumers consumption motives of luxury fashion branding in China - Dissertation Example But, there is an exogenous variable known as economic recession which has decreased the demand of luxury goods across different nations of the globe and majority of the countries of the world are still struggling with sluggish economic growth. Now the fact is that during the time of economic prosperity, people may indulge themselves in luxury purchase but during the time of economic uncertainties, people view luxury purchasing in the ground of utilitarian principles. Hence, the timing was right to conduct research on luxury item purchase decision of Chinese customers. Important fact is that China is an emerging country which is showing constant GDP growth rate for last couple of years hence the research findings will help future luxury marketers to design brand strategy to lure Chinese customers. ... The researcher used convenience sampling in order to select respondents while validity of the research result was also being checked in context to evidences of secondary data. The researcher has stressed on qualitative analysis of data without using any statistical techniques in order to maintain integrity of the data. Majority of the respondents pointed out that they purchase luxury fashion brands for increasing social status among peer group while others pointed out that they believe luxury products offer unmatched quality to them. However, the researcher has not analyzed the data with combination of inferential and descriptive statistics which have significantly blurred the data interpretation in this paper and this is the major limitations in this research. Future researchers should stress on this limitations and analyze the research variables with the help of more comprehensive statistical techniques. Table of Contents Chapter I: INTRODUCTION 7 1.1 Background 7 1.2 Research Prob lem 9 1.3 Rationale of the Study 9 1.4 Research Aim and Objectives 10 1.5 Research Questions 10 1.6 Outline of the Study 11 Chapter II: LITERATURE REVIEW 11 2.1 Present Economic Scenario of China 11 2.2 Consumer Behaviour towards Luxury Fashion Products in China 12 2.3 Hofstede’s 5-D Model Using the Culture of China 14 2.4 Purchasing Power of Chinese 16 2.5 The Concept of Luxury 17 2.6 Luxury Fashion Brands 18 2.7 Dimensions of Luxury Fashion Brands 19 2.8 Asian Luxury Fashion Brand Market 20 2.9 Luxury Fashion Brand Market in China 21 2.10 Consumption Pattern in China 22 2.11 Role of Gender in Chinese Consumption Pattern 22 2.12 Role of Income in Chinese

From Evaluating a Skilled Care Initiative in Rural Burkina Faso to Article

From Evaluating a Skilled Care Initiative in Rural Burkina Faso to Policy Implications for Safe Motherhood in Africa - Article Example The study also reveals humans as prejudicial, for failing to put in place universal policies that would incorporate poor people as well. (Meda, et.al., 2008). The research questions of this study include: what practices lead to the rise in maternal mortality? What is the role of safe motherhood policy in alleviating fatalities of motherhood? How can these alarming rates of mortalities be reduced? The purpose of the research is to study the current situation of motherhood safety, identify contributing factors and recommend possible solutions to the problem, through the generation of evidence-based policies that would be useful in promoting safe motherhood programs in Burkina Faso (72-74). The type of research design used in this study is a descriptive, evidence-based design, carrying out studies in different settings and providing the factual representation of results from the field. It involves naturalist studies, drawing citations from case studies, intent observation of human behavior within the study settings of Burkina Faso, and use of surveys. It also involves the review of the literature, this has elements of Review design. The findings of this study reveal that for safe motherhood to prevail, three main issues have to be addressed: user fees, human health professionals and geographical access to health facilities by the mothers. Additionally, owing to the importance of skilled attendance at delivery, effective health policies should be established to achieve its successful implementation. Other policies that have emerged to be important in such implementation include fostering maternal referral service, to take care of emergency procedures; promoting community mobilization to encourage women to use maternal health services; and abolishment of user fees to cater for poor women as well (73-76).

Alternative Medicine Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Alternative Medicine - Research Paper Example ity of ‘old wives tales’ or ‘ancient lore’, both of which are frequently credited with time-tested knowledge that has worked for generations but also viewed with some suspicion. In some cases, the information is quite valid and the necessary research to support it is becoming increasingly available. In other cases, though, the information has been proven wrong, ineffective and sometimes even counterintuitive. Because it is impossible to know, with just an initial look, whether the claims of the article or legend are true as stated, it’s a good idea to question the claims made by conducting a thorough analysis. One substance frequently being used as an alternative to drug therapy for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease and several other common ailments is the herb known commonly as yarrow. There are a number of different cultivars of yarrow which thrive in many parts of the world, many of which have long-standing traditions as a medicinal treatment. The scientific name for the plant is Achillea millefolium, but because of its widespread presence, it also has many common names. These include gordaldo, nosebleed plant, old man’s pepper, sanguinary, milfoil, soldier’s woundwort, thousand-leaf and feather-leaf (Dodson & Dunmire, 2007). Some of these names provide a suggestion of how it is used. The plant is said to have been named because of its association with the Greek hero Achilles. â€Å"According to the legend, Achilles’ mother held him by the heels and dipped him in a bath of yarrow. Achilles was forever protected by the herb except for the heels† (Madocks, 2009). Stories of Achilles indicate he always carried yarrow with him into battle because it had the ability to staunch the flow of blood from battle-inflicted wounds. â€Å"In the a ncient world, yarrow was seen as a potent healing agent, whether applied to a wound or taken internally to prevent a cold setting in. Yarrow was the preferred domestic medicine of yesteryears’ mothers who

The objectives of any international organization are identical to the Essay

The objectives of any international organization are identical to the objectives of that organizations strongest member Discuss - Essay Example In this backdrop, the objectives of global / international organizations should be in tune with both the ideology and requirements of majority of the member nations to see that the results of their programs and policies would benefit majority nations. Simply speaking, international organizations should strive to fulfill the aspirations of majority of the world population. But, as in most of the democratic countries, most of the international organizations too have been conspicuously playing to the tunes of their richest and strongest member nations downgrading their very global objectives. But it may be wrong to say that the 'objectives of any international organization are identical to those of its strongest members'. It can be true with most of the organizations but certainly you may find some exceptions. Each and every international organization is formed with certain highest global objectives. For that matter, no international organization's objectives can be localized or regionalized as the very purpose is global and international. The United Nations Organization (UNO) tops the list of international organizations and its objectives are crystal clear. When the UNO was formed in 1945 after the disastrous World War II, its objectives were boldly declared. The very first point in the Preamble of the UN charter talks about its determination to save succeeding generations from the repetitions of war (Internet, Charter of the United Nations). The UN's other objectives included respecting the equal rights of men and women all over the world, treating all big and small nations with equal respect and creating suitable conditions under which all nations abide by the international treaties and principles of international law and justice. According to the charter, these objectives should be ac hieved by establishing good neighborly relations among nations, solving problems through peaceful means, and not resorting to armed force except for in the common interests. These objectives, call them UN charter or law, are no doubt very sacred in letter but they have lost their much talked about sanctity in spirit and practice. Over a period of time, the UN has lost its independence due to the arm-twisting tactics of its strongest members. In fact, the very purpose of the launching of the UN was severely defeated with the formation of the Security Council in which certain member nations were endowed with veto powers. The UNO should function in the most democratic manner and go by the majority decisions of the General Assembly but this veto power through which a few countries could reject the majority decisions or impose their will on majority nations has seriously denied the UN its due role in achieving its objectives. The launching of the UN formed part of the beginning of the era of international law and justice but due to the bullying nature of some of its bigwig members, the implementation of international law too has run into rough weather. It is an acknowledged fact that the USA, the richest country of the world, is the strongest member of the UN (Thakur, 2006, p. 53). Over a period of time, the US forced the UN to act as per its whims and fancies turning the prestigious international organization into a puppet. The UN, supposed to be the instrument for the global peace, became

W 3 OIS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

W 3 OIS - Essay Example It is in line with this that a number of reviewers have looked at the implications of Moore’s Law, which advocates faster and cheaper computing in healthcare IT management. Firstly, the Center for Disease Control (2013) notes that Moore’s Law implies for healthcare managers to cut down cost on IT infrastructure by making use of cost effective IT so that there can be sufficient funds to cater for other components of the service. Secondly, Noe and Gerhard (2007) saw Moore’s Law as a revolutionary law in healthcare management that puts emphasis on the need to achieve more within a shorter period of time due to the speed of IT systems. By this and as healthcare managers do more within shorter time frame, efficiency can be guaranteed. Last but not least, the Center for Disease Control (2013) stated that Moore’s Law gives healthcare IT managers a challenge to resist any form of systems that cannot guarantee and secure easier execution of tasks. In effective, there should continue to be conscious efforts that promote user friendliness in the use of healthcare IT

The objectives of any international organization are identical to the Essay

The objectives of any international organization are identical to the objectives of that organizations strongest member Discuss - Essay Example In this backdrop, the objectives of global / international organizations should be in tune with both the ideology and requirements of majority of the member nations to see that the results of their programs and policies would benefit majority nations. Simply speaking, international organizations should strive to fulfill the aspirations of majority of the world population. But, as in most of the democratic countries, most of the international organizations too have been conspicuously playing to the tunes of their richest and strongest member nations downgrading their very global objectives. But it may be wrong to say that the 'objectives of any international organization are identical to those of its strongest members'. It can be true with most of the organizations but certainly you may find some exceptions. Each and every international organization is formed with certain highest global objectives. For that matter, no international organization's objectives can be localized or regionalized as the very purpose is global and international. The United Nations Organization (UNO) tops the list of international organizations and its objectives are crystal clear. When the UNO was formed in 1945 after the disastrous World War II, its objectives were boldly declared. The very first point in the Preamble of the UN charter talks about its determination to save succeeding generations from the repetitions of war (Internet, Charter of the United Nations). The UN's other objectives included respecting the equal rights of men and women all over the world, treating all big and small nations with equal respect and creating suitable conditions under which all nations abide by the international treaties and principles of international law and justice. According to the charter, these objectives should be ac hieved by establishing good neighborly relations among nations, solving problems through peaceful means, and not resorting to armed force except for in the common interests. These objectives, call them UN charter or law, are no doubt very sacred in letter but they have lost their much talked about sanctity in spirit and practice. Over a period of time, the UN has lost its independence due to the arm-twisting tactics of its strongest members. In fact, the very purpose of the launching of the UN was severely defeated with the formation of the Security Council in which certain member nations were endowed with veto powers. The UNO should function in the most democratic manner and go by the majority decisions of the General Assembly but this veto power through which a few countries could reject the majority decisions or impose their will on majority nations has seriously denied the UN its due role in achieving its objectives. The launching of the UN formed part of the beginning of the era of international law and justice but due to the bullying nature of some of its bigwig members, the implementation of international law too has run into rough weather. It is an acknowledged fact that the USA, the richest country of the world, is the strongest member of the UN (Thakur, 2006, p. 53). Over a period of time, the US forced the UN to act as per its whims and fancies turning the prestigious international organization into a puppet. The UN, supposed to be the instrument for the global peace, became

My hypothesis is How can nutrition help fight depression and boost Dissertation

My hypothesis is How can nutrition help fight depression and boost mood and the corrlation bewtween them - Dissertation Example The answers of above questionnaire reveal the fact that depression is a biochemical process, most of the people suffering with depression start to neglect their diet as a result the symptoms becomes severe. Most of them think that eating their favorite food or ice cream uplift their mood. Cases of depressions are increasing in U.K and USA and some time best medicines can’t cure properly. Why is it so? Researchers at Harvard University found that person with Vitamin B deficiency did not respond to the anti-depressant. This Vitamin is present in green leafy vegetables, grains and beans. If the diet rich in vegetables is taken, the chances of depression reduce. Moreover the cases of depression in USA are increasing rapidly then China. Again the factor behind this is nutrition, Chinese consume large amount of fish and fish like salmon and sardines are considered rich source of ‘Omega-3-fatty acids’. This fatty acid is consumed by the brain to stays healthy. It is scie ntifically proved fact that brain uses its energy requirements from blood glucose. If the glucose level is not balanced, the person is likely to suffer with apathy, depression. Certain amino acids are required for production of serotonin that influences mood, and adrenalin, dopamine that influence motivation. Salmon, tuna, snapper, shrimps soya bean n turkey are rich sources of tryptophan.

Analyse and Evaluate the significance of Fiscal Policy rules Essay Example for Free

Analyse and Evaluate the significance of Fiscal Policy rules Essay L1. Monetary policies are where the government use changes in the base rate of interest to influence the rate of growth of aggregate demand, the money supply and ultimately price inflation. In the short run economic growth is an increase in real GDP, In the long run economic growth is an increase in productive capacity (the maximum output an economy can produce) Economic Stability the avoidance of volatility in economic growth rates, inflation, employment and unemployment and exchange rates. International Competitiveness The ability of an economys firms to compete in international markets and, thereby, sustain increases in national output and income. L2. Monetary policies can be used to promote economic growth, Economic (this stability reduces uncertainty, promotes business, consumer confidence and investment) and International Competitiveness. This causes an ? in AD, which can be good for an economy. For example if a Government ? interest rates, people will have an ? in disposable income, because payments on credit cards will ?, mortgage payments will ? and it is not worth saving due to the reduced rate of interest, meaning they have more to spend on goods and services, thus AD ?. L3. Monetary policies can promote economic growth and stability and international competitiveness as changes in the interest rate affects Domestic Demand (Consumer Expenditure, Investment and Government Spending) and National Demand (Net Exports) via Exchange Rates as when the interest rate ? so the does the currencys strength. So if the rate of interest increases, so does the strength of the pound, meaning that there is an ? in international competitiveness as more economies want to purchase our currency. This causes an ? in AD causing the AD curve to shift to the right, from AD1 to AD2. Causing and ? in employment, ? production and ?economic growth, ?international competitiveness and ?international competitiveness If economic growth becomes too rapid it can also be dampened nby an ? in interest rates causing AD to ? due to the fact that their credit card charges and mortgages have ? and it has become more worthwhile to keep money in the bank and reap the rewards from a higher interest rate rather than spend. So peoples disposable income ?. Monetary Policy can promote economic growth and stability because of the Monetary Policy Transmission mechanism; the way in which Monetary Policy affects inflation rates through the impact it has on other macroeconomic variables. It is said that low and stable rates of inflation provide the framework for economic stability as inflation reduces the purchasing power of money. When the government uses monetary policy to reduce the rate of inflation inflation targeting) they can stop economic stability from becoming unstable as when inflation occurs, and usually wage growth ? there is a danger that inflation will become out of control so much so that producers and consumers are no longer able to use the signalling function so it can become clear what goods and services consumers most want. Inflation targeting makes the consumers and investors more clear about the future and so they know what to expect so they can plan ahead. This can cause an ? in C and I and therefore and ? in AD (shifting the AD curve to the right). The fact that inflation targeting is flexible means it meets the policy target. The government can use Monetary to policy to ? the supply of money, so banks have more money to lend, so it is easier for consumers to take loans so there disposable income ?, this can cause and ? in Consumer Expectations and vestments, causing an ? in AD, ?production, ?international competitiveness, ?employment, ? economic stability and ?economic growth L4. HOWEVER whether the Monetary policy is affective depends on many factors, for example it depends on how big the increase or decrease in interest rate is, a small change could make little or no difference for example if income interest is reduced by 0.00000000000000000000001% then people are unlikely to start spending more and it will have little or no effect on AD. It also depends on when interest rates are changed as to what else is going on in the economy at that time, for example if there is a fiscal policy causing income tax to ? at the same time as a ?in interest rates the affects of the Monetary Policy may be cancelled out by the fiscal policy. It depends on Central Bank bringing creditability to the target as the central bank has to build up a reputation for meeting targets. This can lead to low economic growth being traded off for low inflation in the short run, but not the long run, which is what is needed for an economies economic growth to be sustainable! The Central bank must be good at forecasting inflation, as the Monetary Policy works with time lags, there can sometimes be a two year delay! So the Central bank will have to set today the interest rate to affect the rate of inflation it expects in two years time! For example Inflation targeting has to be guided by forecasts of inflation and all macroeconomic variables that affect inflation. It also costs a great deal to employ people who have the ability to forecast inflation well which could cost a lot to employ someone capable of doing this, this means that it ? costs, which means the possibility of an opportunity cost involved as that money could have been spent on something else for example new hospitals. There can also always be unforeseen circumstances such as unexpected recessions and natural disasters such as the tsunami, this affects the Central Banks ability to deliver economic stability and economic growth as they do not know if they may need to be doing other policies to help these unexpected situations, as they may only be able to do so when the economies conditions are stable. To conclude Monetary rules and Fiscal Policy targets and constraints can promote Economic Growth, Economic Stability and International Competitiveness, however there are many factors to take into account when doing so.

Stem Cells for Cell Replacement Therapy in Parkinsons

Stem Cells for Cell Replacement Therapy in Parkinsons Stem Cells for Cell Replacement Therapy Said AL Hakmani Introduction Parkinson’s disease is a movement disorder that results from damage to the neurons in the brain that produce the chemical named dopamine. The dopamine sends signals to parts of the brain that controls movement, allowing movement of smooth muscles. In Parkinson’s disease there is loss of the dopamine neurons. Symptoms of the disease include abnormal movement and tremor when a significant amount of dopamine has been lost. It is still not known exactly what causes Parkinson’s disease and the detailed pathophysiology is an area of active research (1, 13). Parkinsons disease is of progressive nature, which implies that it deteriorates with time. But this happens gradually over numerous years. On the other hand, researchers are doing a great deal of exploration to better comprehend what is occurring in the cell. Some studies show that Parkinson disease is associated with an abnormal gene in some individuals, however so far there is insufficient evidence to demonstrate that it’s genetically inherited (1). Braaks hypothesis recommends that Parkinsons disease starts in the digestive tract and in the brain’s centre of smell. The hypothesis is upheld by the way that side effects connected with digestion and smell happen at an early stage of the disease. Professor Jia- Yi Lis research team has now possessed the capacity to tack this methodology further, from the gut to the brain in rat models. The experiment demonstrates how the poisonous protein alpha-synuclein is exchanged starting with one cell, then onto the next before arri ving at the brain’s movement center, leading to the characteristic movement impairment seen in Parkinsons disease. He proves that disease process really can go from the peripheral nervous system to the central nervous system, in this situation from the wall of the gut to the brain (3, 23). Usually people start to have symptoms of Parkinson’s disease between the ages of 50 and 60 years. But in certain cases it starts earlier. The first presenting symptom of Parkinson’s disease is tremor (shaking or trembling). It affect the hands, arms, or legs. It is one of the most common signs, but not everyone has it. Also, not everybody with a tremor has Parkinson’s disease. The tremor often starts only on one side of the body or just one arm or leg. In addition, Parkinson’s disease can cause stiff muscles all through the body, so it causes problems like inconvenience gulping or constipation. In the later phases of Parkinson’s disease a person may have fixed expression, trouble talking and other problems. Some individuals lose mental skills (1, 22). Figure 1 shows the nerve cells in the brain (1) The power of stem cell Stem cells have the potential to develop into various cell sorts in the body during life and schedule growth. In many different tissues they serve as a sort of internal repair system, dividing without limit to replace other cells as long as the animal or person is alive. At the point, when a stem cell divides, every new cell has the capacity either to remain a stem cell or get to be an alternate kind of cell with a more specific function, for example, a red blood cell, a muscle cell, or a brain cell and other cells (5). The stem cells are featured from other cell types by two essential characteristics. First, they are capable of renewing themselves through cell division, frequently after long periods of inactivity. Second, under some physiologic or trail conditions, stem cell can become tissue- or organ-particular cells with special functions. In particular organs, for example, the gut and bone marrow, they consistently separation to repair and supplant exhausted or harmed tissues. Moreover, in diverse organs, for example, the heart and the pancreas, stem cell just partition under exceptional conditions (5, 20). Researchers fundamentally worked with two sorts of undeveloped cells from animals and human: embryonic stem cells and non-embryonic stem cells. Researchers in 1981 found approaches to get embryonic stem cells from early mouse embryos. In 1998 the definite investigation of the science of mouse undifferentiated cells prompted the revelation of human stem cells. However, these cells are called human embryonic stem cells. The embryos utilized in these studies were the result of invitro fertilization strategies for reproductive purposes. When they were no more required for that reason, they were donated for research with the informed consent of the donor (5, 21). Scientists made an alternate achievement by distinguishing conditions that would permit some particular adult cells to be reprogrammed to accept stem cell-like state in 2006. This new sort of stem cell, called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) (5). These IPS cells may be used in the future to make the patient’s own cells, a safe cell source that is free from other factor which affects the patient. Animal studies in rat and mouse have been carried out to test the possibility of replacing the lost neurons and results have shown that these cells can develop into dopamine neurons. In human studies, it is possible to measure the increase of dopamine neuron function in the striatum of the patient by using positron emission tomography (5). The Stem cells are essential for living organisms for different reasons. In the three to five days old embryos, called a blastocyst, the internal cells give rise to the entire body of the organism, including all of the many specific cell sorts and organs for example, the lungs, heart, skin and other tissues. In certain adult tissues, such as bone marrow, brain, and muscle, the adult stem cells create replacements for cells that are lost through ordinary injury, or disease. The stem cells make new potentials for treating diseases such as heart disease and Parkinson disease. However, much work remains to be carried out in the research facility to understand how to use these cell therapies to treat disease (5).Research on stem cells continues to advance about how can an organism develops from a single cell and how can healthy cells replace damaged cells in adult organisms. The stem cell research is one of the fascinating areas in contemporary biology (5).Many researchers believe that em bryonic stem cell could be an excellent source of dopamine neurons because they can grow in a culture dish and make into any type of cell after long time in culture. Now, the dopamine neurons have been generated from the Human embryonic stem cell. One research study used the special type of companion cell with specific growth factors to promote the differentiation of the embryonic stem cell through several stages into dopamine producing cell (5). Growth of the Human Embryonic Stem Cell To grow the human embryonic stem cell, the cells will grow in the culture dish and will spread and divide on the surface of the media. The culture dish contains the mouse feeder cell which provides the nutrients into the culture media to grow the cell. However, researchers now devised a method to grow the embryonic stem cells without mouse feeder cells to avoid the risk of transfer of viruses from the media to the human (5,6 ,18). The tests used to identify embryonic stem cells in the laboratory are lacking. But, the laboratories that grow the human embryonic stem cells use different types of test such as: Growing and subculture of the stem cell for many months to make sure of the health of the cell. The use of techniques to determine the presence of transcription factors that are produced by undifferentiated cells. There are two important transcription factors Nanog and Oct-4. Both factors help the genes to turn on and off to maintain stem cell undifferentiation and self-renewal (5, 24). Conversion of human ES and iPS cells One study of culture of stem cell found that the effectiveness of PSCs mouse derived DA neurons have shown efficacy in the models of Parkinson Disease. The developing midbrain is characterized by expression of the floor plate (FP) marker FOXA2 and the roof plate marker LMX1A. Canonical WNT signalling is critical for both roof plate function and midbrain DA neuron development. WNT activation incite LMX1A expression and a neurogenic change of PSCs derived midbrain FP towards DA neuron fate. Exposure to CHIR potent GSK3B inhibitor known to strong activate WNT signalling induce LMX1A in FOXA2 and FP precursors. CHIR is more potent than recombinant WNT3A or WNT at inciting LMX1A expression. The efficiency of LMX1A induction depends on the time of CHIR exposure it effect from 3-11 days. Thus, CHIR is the most critical factor for inducing coexpression of FOXA2/LMX1A. FOXA2/LMX1A coexpression require strong expression of SHH signalling using purmorphamine small molecule agonist. Treatment wi th SHH agonist and FGF8 in the absence of CHIR show significant lower expression of FOXA2 by day11 and complete absence of LMX1A expression. An expression of, NGN2, LMX1A and DDC showed establishment of midbrain neuron precursor fate already by day11. Both midbrain FP and DA neuron induction ready to reproduce in independent ES cell and human induced PSCs line. In culture TH positive cells showed coexpression with NURR1 only in FP derived DA neurons coexpressed FXOA2 and LMX1A. Few GABA and serotonin can observe. But, DA level present in culture about eight times higher in FP (9, 12, 15, 19). There are several lines of evidence to demonstrate a crucial role for SMAD signalling during neural induction. Studies in frog identified bone morphogenic protein (BMP) inhibitors, including, follistatin, chordin and noggin as the basic neural affecting factors in the Spemann organizer (10). The drug SB431542 was demonstrated to improve neural prompting in an embryoid body-based hES cell neural induction protocol. SB431542 inhibits the Lefty/Activin/TGFÃŽ ² pathways by blocking phosphorylation of the ALK5, ALK4, and ALK7 receptors. In addition, Noggin or SB431542 treatment improves the neural induction and blockade the SMAD signalling to achieve full neural conversion. The hES cells were exposed for 72 hours to the drug SB431542 or Noggin and observed the growth factor of neural induction was monitored by expression of PAX6 earliest marker of neuroectodermal differentiation. The combined treatment with both Noggin and SB431542 increased the efficiency of neural induction to more than eighty percent of total cells , compared with less than ten percent PAX6 cells when used Noggin or SB431542 alone(10, 17).However, the only PAX6a converts the human embryonic stem cell to neuroectoderm (11, 16). Figure 2: show the model of proposed mechanisms contribute the action of Noggin and SB431542 (10). From the diagram above at the higher density, essentially CNS cells that are PAX6 are formed which are equipped of giving rise to R-NS cells and example capable neuronal populations of motoneurons and dopaminergic neurons inside 19 days of differentiation. While at lower densities both CNS fates and neural crest fates are observed. The neural crest lineages include melanocytes and the neural crest precursor cells amenable to designing and subtype determination reactions (10, 18). In this figure3 shows one research on mice how the people try to make new dopamine. Isolated ventralmidbrain cells were expanded and patterned in vitro before to transfection to overexpress WNTs. The cell phenotype was examined following in the vitro differentiation or transplantation into Parkinsonian mice. Morphogens SHH and FGF8 significant increase the proportion of TH positive spheres out of total spheres compared with FGF2 treatment alone (13). Dopamine Dopamine is a chemical signal that transfers information from one neuron and the next neuron. The receptors found on the cell surface bumps the signals down to the receiving neurons. The dopamine interested in many different important pathways and it found primarily in the mesolimbic pathways which starts with cells in the ventral tegmental area in the midbrain (2).Dopamine plays a number of roles in human and other animals. It controls many functions such as movement, memory, pleasurable reward, attention, sleep, learning, mood, inhibition of prolactin production, and behaviour. The increase and deficiency of this dopamine chemical are the cause of several diseases like Parkinson’ disease. In the brain, part called the basal ganglia controls movement. Basal ganglia thus rely on upon a certain amount of dopamine to function. The action of this occurs by dopamine receptors D 1-5. The deficiency in dopamine in the brain may become delayed and uncoordinated the movement and other function of the body (3). The dopamine is an important neurotransmitter in the brain. Substantial part of the overall dopamine in the body is produced outside the brain by mesenteric organs. The production of dopamine within the central nervous system, depend on the dopamine biosynthesis. There are two steps of dopamine biosynthesis takes place in the cytosol of CAergic neurons and starts with hydroxylase of L-tyrosine at the phenol ring by tyrosine hydroxylase to produce DOPA(4, 14). Figure4 shows the neuronal dopamine metabolism(4). This figure5: show how process of the fibroblasts are taken to culture to induce neural stem cells to make dopamine neurons and transfer to the patient to functional recovery (25). Good Manufacturing Practice There are many challenges to the use of stem cells for replacement therapy. However, the good manufacturing practice (GMP) is a quality assurance system that is used to make sure the product of stem cells is good and safe to use for treatment. The GMP in human embryonic stem cell culture required several components for good clinical practice. First, the culture or the feeder media that use in the laboratory must be reached with standard of GMP. That is why so many are now trying to grow these cells in feeder free conditions. Finally, all components of the culture and cryopreservation media should be validated for use in the GMP system and be non animal derived products (7). The ethical issue surrounding the use of embryonic cell need be carefully controlled. In UK human embryonic stem cell can gathered from left over embryos produced as part of in vitro fertilisation. This can done under strict UK guidelines from Human Fertilisation Embryology Authority (HFEA) and the human tissue authority (HTA) only in the early stage embryos can be used in research up to a maximum of fourteen days of development(8). Conclusion In my conclusion, the development of the research in the recent year will found the treatment of some diseases that affect the human in the neuron system like Parkinson’s disease. In addition, the study of stem cell research may treat disease by transplanted the cell to the body of the human, but the risk factor that makes this study difficult is the potential of the stem cell growth. The study of stem cell factor may solve the problem of cell growth. Also, the feeder that use to make culture is important to grow the cell without any contamination. There are many factors that help the stem cell to grow in the culture dish. These factors make stem cell to grow fast and convert to the different type of tissue organs. Also, there are some inhibitors that inhibited the factors when stem cells are converted to the different sorts. The research on the stem cell still under the process of trail. It is successful to treat some disease, but in other disease is still trying in animal model if it’s successful may try with human, those have Parkinson’s disease.